Environment variables

OpenClaw pulls environment variables from multiple sources. The rule is never override existing values.

Precedence (highest → lowest)

Process environment (what the Gateway process already has from the parent shell/daemon).
.env in the current working directory (dotenv default; does not override).
Global .env at ~/.openclaw/.env (aka $OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR/.env; does not override).
Config env block in ~/.openclaw/openclaw.json (applied only if missing).
Optional login-shell import (env.shellEnv.enabled or OPENCLAW_LOAD_SHELL_ENV=1), applied only for missing expected keys.

If the config file is missing entirely, step 4 is skipped; shell import still runs if enabled.

Config `env` block

Two equivalent ways to set inline env vars (both are non-overriding):

{
  env: {
    OPENROUTER_API_KEY: "sk-or-...",
    vars: {
      GROQ_API_KEY: "gsk-...",
    },
  },
}

Shell env import

env.shellEnv runs your login shell and imports only missing expected keys:

{
  env: {
    shellEnv: {
      enabled: true,
      timeoutMs: 15000,
    },
  },
}

Env var equivalents:

OPENCLAW_LOAD_SHELL_ENV=1
OPENCLAW_SHELL_ENV_TIMEOUT_MS=15000

Runtime-injected env vars

OpenClaw also injects context markers into spawned child processes:

OPENCLAW_SHELL=exec: set for commands run through the exec tool.
OPENCLAW_SHELL=acp: set for ACP runtime backend process spawns (for example acpx).
OPENCLAW_SHELL=acp-client: set for openclaw acp client when it spawns the ACP bridge process.
OPENCLAW_SHELL=tui-local: set for local TUI ! shell commands.

These are runtime markers (not required user config). They can be used in shell/profile logic to apply context-specific rules.

UI env vars

OPENCLAW_THEME=light: force the light TUI palette when your terminal has a light background.
OPENCLAW_THEME=dark: force the dark TUI palette.
COLORFGBG: if your terminal exports it, OpenClaw uses the background color hint to auto-pick the TUI palette.

Env var substitution in config

You can reference env vars directly in config string values using ${VAR_NAME} syntax:

{
  models: {
    providers: {
      "vercel-gateway": {
        apiKey: "${VERCEL_GATEWAY_API_KEY}",
      },
    },
  },
}

See Configuration: Env var substitution for full details.

Secret refs vs `${ENV}` strings

OpenClaw supports two env-driven patterns:

${VAR} string substitution in config values.
SecretRef objects ({ source: "env", provider: "default", id: "VAR" }) for fields that support secrets references.

Both resolve from process env at activation time. SecretRef details are documented in Secrets Management.

Variable	Purpose
`OPENCLAW_HOME`	Override the home directory used for all internal path resolution (`~/.openclaw/`, agent dirs, sessions, credentials). Useful when running OpenClaw as a dedicated service user.
`OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR`	Override the state directory (default `~/.openclaw`).
`OPENCLAW_CONFIG_PATH`	Override the config file path (default `~/.openclaw/openclaw.json`).

Logging

Variable	Purpose
`OPENCLAW_LOG_LEVEL`	Override log level for both file and console (e.g. `debug`, `trace`). Takes precedence over `logging.level` and `logging.consoleLevel` in config. Invalid values are ignored with a warning.

`OPENCLAW_HOME`

When set, OPENCLAW_HOME replaces the system home directory ($HOME / os.homedir()) for all internal path resolution. This enables full filesystem isolation for headless service accounts. Precedence: OPENCLAW_HOME > $HOME > USERPROFILE > os.homedir() Example (macOS LaunchDaemon):

<key>EnvironmentVariables</key>
<dict>
  <key>OPENCLAW_HOME</key>
  <string>/Users/kira</string>
</dict>

OPENCLAW_HOME can also be set to a tilde path (e.g. ~/svc), which gets expanded using $HOME before use.

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Environment Variables

Environment variables

Precedence (highest → lowest)

Config `env` block

Shell env import

Runtime-injected env vars

UI env vars

Env var substitution in config

Secret refs vs `${ENV}` strings

Logging

`OPENCLAW_HOME`

​Environment variables

​Precedence (highest → lowest)

​Config env block

​Shell env import

​Runtime-injected env vars

​UI env vars

​Env var substitution in config

​Secret refs vs ${ENV} strings

​Path-related env vars

​Logging

​OPENCLAW_HOME

​Related

Environment variables

Precedence (highest → lowest)

Config `env` block

Shell env import

Runtime-injected env vars

UI env vars

Env var substitution in config

Secret refs vs `${ENV}` strings

Path-related env vars

Logging

`OPENCLAW_HOME`

Related